If you're going to be taking the trains to multiple places on a particular day, you may want to buy all day passes (which are about $7 USD). This also takes out the complication of figuring out which one-way tickets you need to buy, but will be more expensive than two one-way tickets typically.
To buy one-way train tickets, you have to know what the fare is because it doesn't tell you the route at the ticket booth. Some stations will have the map in Romanji (Roman letters so English speakers can read them), but not all. If you can find the stop you want to go to on the map, it will say what the fare is, like 220 yen (which is about $2). Then you go to the ticket machine and get a ticket for 220. You have to get the tickets one by one typically.
Once everyone has their tickets, you stick the ticket into the gate and take it on the other side, and that's what lets you through. You'll know right away if you went through the wrong gates, like if you tried to go to bullet train, because the gate will stop you and sound a buzzer of sorts. When you are at your final stop, you'll exit by sticking your ticket into the gate again. If you had one-way tickets, the machine won't return the ticket once it's been used completely. If you had all-day tickets, the machine will return the ticket to you to use again.
The trains run pretty frequently, so if you "miss" one, the next one will come in a few minutes typically. The bullet trains run about every 15 - 20 minutes.
Most of the trains also show the stop name in Romanji as well as the Japanese writing. But it's good to know the Kanji for where you're going, just in case. We like the JR lines best (they all start with J). The morning rush can be a little nuts on the trains. On popular routes, be prepared to stand the whole way and have to cram in with business men and women on their way to work. You'll see people running up and down the stairs and escalators, so it's important to stay to the left on escalators to make room for people who want to pass you.
The shinkansen, or bullet trains, work very much the same, but are much more expensive for obvious reasons. They are also much more comfortable and are better suited to accommodate luggage. I believe most if not all have bathrooms, and some even have vending machines on the trains. If you plan to ride the shinkansen, or bullet train, I would recommend you look into the JR Pass for Visitors before you go, you can get a really good deal and save hundreds of dollars, but you have to buy it before you get to Japan. In Kyoto, there aren't really trains everywhere like there is in Tokyo. The buses are pretty good, but I got a little lost. Read my post about our adventure in Kyoto to get a feel for the bus system there.
More Japan Guide
Getting There / What To BringTraining It - The Best Way to Get Around in Japan (Trains)
Where to Stay
Eating Out
Things To Do
Key Phrases
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